Ahmad Ibn HanbalIn this pioneering biography, Christopher Melchert examines the forefather of the fourth of the four principal Sunni schools of jurisprudence, the Hanbali. Upholding the view that the Quran was uncreated and the direct word of God, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780 855) thought that the holy text should be read literally, rejecting any possibility for metaphorical or revisionist interpretation. Showing that even in his own lifetime, ibn Hanbals followers were

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